The Impacts of Climate Change on Historical Buildings: A Turkish Perspective | HMSA Academy<\/title>\n <meta name=\"description\" content=\"Regional effects of climate change on historical buildings across Turkey's heterogeneous geography, material pathologies, and next-generation conservation strategies based on micro-climate data.\">\n <meta name=\"keywords\" content=\"Climate change, historical buildings, Turkey, M\u00fcge G\u00fcnel, micro-climate, restoration, urban heat island, cultural heritage, material pathology\">\n <meta name=\"author\" content=\"M\u00fcge G\u00fcnel\">\n\n \n <style>\n .hmsa-article-wrapper {\n font-family: 'Segoe UI', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;\n max-width: 800px;\n margin: 40px auto;\n padding: 0 20px;\n color: #333;\n line-height: 1.6;\n }\n\n \/* Header Area *\/\n .hmsa-header-meta {\n font-size: 13px;\n color: #ba372a; \/* Red Theme *\/\n font-weight: 700;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 1px;\n margin-bottom: 10px;\n }\n\n .hmsa-main-title {\n font-size: 34px;\n font-weight: 800;\n color: #111;\n line-height: 1.3;\n margin: 0 0 20px 0;\n padding-bottom: 20px;\n border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;\n }\n\n .hmsa-author-info {\n font-size: 15px;\n color: #666;\n margin-bottom: 40px;\n font-style: italic;\n }\n .hmsa-author-info strong {\n color: #ba372a;\n font-style: normal;\n }\n\n \/* Intro Box *\/\n .hmsa-intro-box {\n background-color: #fcfcfc;\n border-left: 5px solid #ba372a;\n padding: 25px 30px;\n margin-bottom: 40px;\n border-radius: 0 4px 4px 0;\n }\n .hmsa-intro-title {\n font-size: 18px;\n font-weight: 800;\n color: #ba372a;\n margin-top: 0;\n margin-bottom: 15px;\n }\n .hmsa-intro-text {\n font-size: 16px;\n font-style: italic;\n color: #555;\n margin: 0 0 15px 0;\n text-align: justify;\n }\n .hmsa-intro-text:last-child {\n margin-bottom: 0;\n }\n\n \/* Content Body *\/\n .hmsa-subhead {\n font-size: 24px;\n font-weight: 700;\n color: #ba372a;\n margin-top: 50px;\n margin-bottom: 20px;\n border-bottom: 1px solid #f0f0f0;\n padding-bottom: 10px;\n }\n\n .hmsa-paragraph {\n font-size: 18px;\n line-height: 1.8;\n color: #222;\n margin-bottom: 25px;\n text-align: justify;\n }\n .hmsa-paragraph strong {\n color: #111;\n }\n\n .hmsa-list {\n list-style: disc;\n padding-left: 20px;\n margin: 20px 0 30px 40px;\n }\n .hmsa-list li {\n margin-bottom: 12px;\n font-size: 18px;\n line-height: 1.6;\n color: #333;\n text-align: justify;\n }\n\n \/* Glossary Section *\/\n .hmsa-glossary-section {\n background-color: #f4f4f4;\n padding: 30px;\n border-radius: 8px;\n margin: 40px 0;\n }\n .hmsa-glossary-item {\n margin-bottom: 15px;\n font-size: 16px;\n line-height: 1.5;\n color: #444;\n }\n .hmsa-glossary-item strong {\n color: #ba372a;\n display: inline-block;\n margin-bottom: 4px;\n }\n\n \/* References Section *\/\n .hmsa-ref-section {\n margin-top: 80px;\n padding: 40px;\n background-color: #f9f9f9;\n border-radius: 8px;\n border-top: 3px solid #eee;\n }\n .hmsa-ref-title {\n display: block;\n font-size: 20px;\n font-weight: 800;\n color: #333;\n margin-bottom: 20px;\n }\n .hmsa-ref-list {\n list-style: none;\n padding: 0;\n margin: 0;\n }\n .hmsa-ref-list li {\n font-size: 14px;\n color: #666;\n margin-bottom: 8px;\n line-height: 1.5;\n padding-left: 15px;\n text-indent: -15px;\n }\n\n \/* Mobile Responsiveness *\/\n @media (max-width: 768px) {\n .hmsa-article-wrapper { padding: 0 15px; margin: 20px auto; }\n .hmsa-main-title { font-size: 26px; }\n .hmsa-subhead { font-size: 20px; margin-top: 30px; }\n .hmsa-paragraph { font-size: 16px; }\n .hmsa-intro-box { padding: 20px; }\n .hmsa-list { margin-left: 20px; }\n }\n <\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body data-rsssl=1>\n\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-article-wrapper\">\n \n \n <div class=\"hmsa-header-meta\">HMSA Academy: Cultural Heritage & Climate<\/div>\n <h1 class=\"hmsa-main-title\">The Impacts of Climate Change on Historical Buildings: A Turkish Perspective<\/h1>\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-author-info\">\n Author: <strong>M\u00fcge G\u00fcnel<\/strong> <span> \/\/ MSc. Architect & Restoration Specialist<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-intro-box\">\n <h3 class=\"hmsa-intro-title\">A Geography Beyond Standard Models<\/h3>\n <p class=\"hmsa-intro-text\">\n Although the impacts of climate change on historical buildings are explained by similar physical laws globally, the severity and behavior of these impacts vary significantly depending on the geographical context.\n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-intro-text\">\n Surrounded by seas on three sides, simultaneously hosting four different climate zones, and possessing a highly heterogeneous building material stock (from tuff to basalt, limestone to adobe and brick), Turkey is one of the geographies where these effects are observed most complexly. Therefore, in terms of the relationship between climate change and cultural heritage, Turkey is not merely an impact zone but also acts as a dynamic “natural laboratory.”\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">1. Regional Pathologies: Which Region, Which Risk?<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n Turkey’s climate diversity causes the deterioration mechanisms that historical buildings are exposed to differ regionally.\n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n <strong>The Black Sea: Biological siege<\/strong><br>\n High humidity and an irregular precipitation regime accelerate biological colonization (algae, lichen, fungi) on surfaces. These formations are not only an aesthetic problem but also an active destructive agent that chemically weakens the mineral structure of the material.\n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n <strong>Mediterranean and Aegean: Salt and thermal stress<\/strong><br>\n Sea-sourced salt aerosols and high UV exposure increase crystallization pressure on stone surfaces and cause surface scaling due to thermal expansion.\n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n <strong>Central and Eastern Anatolia: Freeze-thaw mechanism<\/strong><br>\n Wide temperature differences and harsh winter conditions cause the water within pores to freeze and expand volumetrically. This accelerates the transformation of micro-cracks into structural damage over time.\n <\/p>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">2. Material Character and Capillary Dynamics<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n The historical building stock in Turkey consists of materials with high capillarity, such as limestone, tuff, brick, and lime-based mortars. With climate change, increasing sudden rainfalls and irregular drying cycles cause these materials to reach saturation levels faster and prolong drying times.\n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n This is not merely a superficial moisture problem, but also signifies the disruption of the material’s thermodynamic balance.\n <\/p>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">3. Urban Heat Island and Historical Fabric<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n In dense city centers (such as Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir), historical buildings are exposed to temperatures on average 3\u20135\u00b0C higher than their surroundings. This urban heat island effect:\n <\/p>\n <ul class=\"hmsa-list\">\n <li>Increases thermal fatigue of the material,<\/li>\n <li>Alters day-night temperature differences,<\/li>\n <li>Accelerates surface reactions of atmospheric pollutants.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n Consequently, pollutants combined with moisture trigger more aggressive sulfation processes on stone surfaces, accelerating the formation of black crusts.\n <\/p>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">4. Future Strategy: Local Data-Driven Conservation Approach<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n The most critical need specific to Turkey is the development of conservation strategies based on regional micro-climate data rather than general European climate models. \n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n The fundamental question is no longer <em>“which material should be used?”<\/em> but rather <strong>“How will this material behave in the changing temperature and humidity cycles of this region?”<\/strong> This approach elevates the conservation strategy from material selection to the level of building behavior analysis.\n <\/p>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n Turkey is one of the geographies where the effects of climate change on historical buildings can be observed most clearly in terms of both diversity and intensity. Therefore, conservation strategies must rely on a holistic approach that is not solely material-based but simultaneously evaluates regional climate behaviors and building physics.\n <\/p>\n\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-section\">\n <h3 style=\"margin-top:0; color:#ba372a; font-size:20px; margin-bottom: 20px;\">HMSA Glossary of Terms<\/h3>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Micro-climate:<\/strong> The specific local climate zone formed by temperature, humidity, and wind conditions immediately surrounding a building.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Urban Heat Island Effect:<\/strong> The condition where densely built cities experience higher temperatures compared to surrounding rural areas.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Capillarity:<\/strong> The ability of water to move through porous materials against gravity.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Efflorescence:<\/strong> The crystallization of dissolved salts on a surface, forming white stains and crusts.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Thermal Fatigue:<\/strong> The loss of mechanical resistance in a material as a result of repeated thermal expansion and contraction cycles.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-ref-section\">\n <span class=\"hmsa-ref-title\">References<\/span>\n <ul class=\"hmsa-ref-list\">\n <li>ICOMOS Turkey National Committee (various technical reports and proceedings), Cultural Heritage Conservation and Climate Change Studies.<\/li>\n <li>Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change (2023). Turkey Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan.<\/li>\n <li>General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums (KVMGM), Technical Publications and Reports on the Conservation of Historical Buildings.<\/li>\n <li>METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, Current researches themed \u201cClimate Change Impacts on Built Heritage in Turkey\u201d.<\/li>\n <li>Istanbul Technical University (ITU) Faculty of Architecture Publications, Building Physics and Historical Building Materials Research.<\/li>\n <li>Bogazici University Center for Climate Change and Policy Studies (iklimBU), Turkey Regional Climate Change Projections.<\/li>\n <li>DergiPark Academic Publications, Various articles on \u201cMaterial Degradation in Historical Buildings and Environmental Impacts\u201d.<\/li>\n <li>IPCC (2021). Sixth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2021 \u2013 The Physical Science Basis.<\/li>\n <li>UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2017). Climate Change and World Heritage.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Impacts of Climate Change on Historical Buildings: A Turkish Perspective | HMSA Academy HMSA Academy: Cultural Heritage & Climate<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3206","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3206","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3206"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3206\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3206"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

{"id":3206,"date":"2026-04-29T15:15:11","date_gmt":"2026-04-29T12:15:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/?page_id=3206"},"modified":"2026-04-29T15:15:12","modified_gmt":"2026-04-29T12:15:12","slug":"the-impacts-of-climate-change-on-historical-buildings-a-turkish-perspective","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/the-impacts-of-climate-change-on-historical-buildings-a-turkish-perspective\/","title":{"rendered":"The Impacts of Climate Change on Historical Buildings: A Turkish Perspective"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n The Impacts of Climate Change on Historical Buildings: A Turkish Perspective | HMSA Academy<\/title>\n <meta name=\"description\" content=\"Regional effects of climate change on historical buildings across Turkey's heterogeneous geography, material pathologies, and next-generation conservation strategies based on micro-climate data.\">\n <meta name=\"keywords\" content=\"Climate change, historical buildings, Turkey, M\u00fcge G\u00fcnel, micro-climate, restoration, urban heat island, cultural heritage, material pathology\">\n <meta name=\"author\" content=\"M\u00fcge G\u00fcnel\">\n\n \n <style>\n .hmsa-article-wrapper {\n font-family: 'Segoe UI', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;\n max-width: 800px;\n margin: 40px auto;\n padding: 0 20px;\n color: #333;\n line-height: 1.6;\n }\n\n \/* Header Area *\/\n .hmsa-header-meta {\n font-size: 13px;\n color: #ba372a; \/* Red Theme *\/\n font-weight: 700;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 1px;\n margin-bottom: 10px;\n }\n\n .hmsa-main-title {\n font-size: 34px;\n font-weight: 800;\n color: #111;\n line-height: 1.3;\n margin: 0 0 20px 0;\n padding-bottom: 20px;\n border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;\n }\n\n .hmsa-author-info {\n font-size: 15px;\n color: #666;\n margin-bottom: 40px;\n font-style: italic;\n }\n .hmsa-author-info strong {\n color: #ba372a;\n font-style: normal;\n }\n\n \/* Intro Box *\/\n .hmsa-intro-box {\n background-color: #fcfcfc;\n border-left: 5px solid #ba372a;\n padding: 25px 30px;\n margin-bottom: 40px;\n border-radius: 0 4px 4px 0;\n }\n .hmsa-intro-title {\n font-size: 18px;\n font-weight: 800;\n color: #ba372a;\n margin-top: 0;\n margin-bottom: 15px;\n }\n .hmsa-intro-text {\n font-size: 16px;\n font-style: italic;\n color: #555;\n margin: 0 0 15px 0;\n text-align: justify;\n }\n .hmsa-intro-text:last-child {\n margin-bottom: 0;\n }\n\n \/* Content Body *\/\n .hmsa-subhead {\n font-size: 24px;\n font-weight: 700;\n color: #ba372a;\n margin-top: 50px;\n margin-bottom: 20px;\n border-bottom: 1px solid #f0f0f0;\n padding-bottom: 10px;\n }\n\n .hmsa-paragraph {\n font-size: 18px;\n line-height: 1.8;\n color: #222;\n margin-bottom: 25px;\n text-align: justify;\n }\n .hmsa-paragraph strong {\n color: #111;\n }\n\n .hmsa-list {\n list-style: disc;\n padding-left: 20px;\n margin: 20px 0 30px 40px;\n }\n .hmsa-list li {\n margin-bottom: 12px;\n font-size: 18px;\n line-height: 1.6;\n color: #333;\n text-align: justify;\n }\n\n \/* Glossary Section *\/\n .hmsa-glossary-section {\n background-color: #f4f4f4;\n padding: 30px;\n border-radius: 8px;\n margin: 40px 0;\n }\n .hmsa-glossary-item {\n margin-bottom: 15px;\n font-size: 16px;\n line-height: 1.5;\n color: #444;\n }\n .hmsa-glossary-item strong {\n color: #ba372a;\n display: inline-block;\n margin-bottom: 4px;\n }\n\n \/* References Section *\/\n .hmsa-ref-section {\n margin-top: 80px;\n padding: 40px;\n background-color: #f9f9f9;\n border-radius: 8px;\n border-top: 3px solid #eee;\n }\n .hmsa-ref-title {\n display: block;\n font-size: 20px;\n font-weight: 800;\n color: #333;\n margin-bottom: 20px;\n }\n .hmsa-ref-list {\n list-style: none;\n padding: 0;\n margin: 0;\n }\n .hmsa-ref-list li {\n font-size: 14px;\n color: #666;\n margin-bottom: 8px;\n line-height: 1.5;\n padding-left: 15px;\n text-indent: -15px;\n }\n\n \/* Mobile Responsiveness *\/\n @media (max-width: 768px) {\n .hmsa-article-wrapper { padding: 0 15px; margin: 20px auto; }\n .hmsa-main-title { font-size: 26px; }\n .hmsa-subhead { font-size: 20px; margin-top: 30px; }\n .hmsa-paragraph { font-size: 16px; }\n .hmsa-intro-box { padding: 20px; }\n .hmsa-list { margin-left: 20px; }\n }\n <\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body data-rsssl=1>\n\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-article-wrapper\">\n \n \n <div class=\"hmsa-header-meta\">HMSA Academy: Cultural Heritage & Climate<\/div>\n <h1 class=\"hmsa-main-title\">The Impacts of Climate Change on Historical Buildings: A Turkish Perspective<\/h1>\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-author-info\">\n Author: <strong>M\u00fcge G\u00fcnel<\/strong> <span> \/\/ MSc. Architect & Restoration Specialist<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-intro-box\">\n <h3 class=\"hmsa-intro-title\">A Geography Beyond Standard Models<\/h3>\n <p class=\"hmsa-intro-text\">\n Although the impacts of climate change on historical buildings are explained by similar physical laws globally, the severity and behavior of these impacts vary significantly depending on the geographical context.\n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-intro-text\">\n Surrounded by seas on three sides, simultaneously hosting four different climate zones, and possessing a highly heterogeneous building material stock (from tuff to basalt, limestone to adobe and brick), Turkey is one of the geographies where these effects are observed most complexly. Therefore, in terms of the relationship between climate change and cultural heritage, Turkey is not merely an impact zone but also acts as a dynamic “natural laboratory.”\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">1. Regional Pathologies: Which Region, Which Risk?<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n Turkey’s climate diversity causes the deterioration mechanisms that historical buildings are exposed to differ regionally.\n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n <strong>The Black Sea: Biological siege<\/strong><br>\n High humidity and an irregular precipitation regime accelerate biological colonization (algae, lichen, fungi) on surfaces. These formations are not only an aesthetic problem but also an active destructive agent that chemically weakens the mineral structure of the material.\n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n <strong>Mediterranean and Aegean: Salt and thermal stress<\/strong><br>\n Sea-sourced salt aerosols and high UV exposure increase crystallization pressure on stone surfaces and cause surface scaling due to thermal expansion.\n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n <strong>Central and Eastern Anatolia: Freeze-thaw mechanism<\/strong><br>\n Wide temperature differences and harsh winter conditions cause the water within pores to freeze and expand volumetrically. This accelerates the transformation of micro-cracks into structural damage over time.\n <\/p>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">2. Material Character and Capillary Dynamics<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n The historical building stock in Turkey consists of materials with high capillarity, such as limestone, tuff, brick, and lime-based mortars. With climate change, increasing sudden rainfalls and irregular drying cycles cause these materials to reach saturation levels faster and prolong drying times.\n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n This is not merely a superficial moisture problem, but also signifies the disruption of the material’s thermodynamic balance.\n <\/p>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">3. Urban Heat Island and Historical Fabric<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n In dense city centers (such as Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir), historical buildings are exposed to temperatures on average 3\u20135\u00b0C higher than their surroundings. This urban heat island effect:\n <\/p>\n <ul class=\"hmsa-list\">\n <li>Increases thermal fatigue of the material,<\/li>\n <li>Alters day-night temperature differences,<\/li>\n <li>Accelerates surface reactions of atmospheric pollutants.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n Consequently, pollutants combined with moisture trigger more aggressive sulfation processes on stone surfaces, accelerating the formation of black crusts.\n <\/p>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">4. Future Strategy: Local Data-Driven Conservation Approach<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n The most critical need specific to Turkey is the development of conservation strategies based on regional micro-climate data rather than general European climate models. \n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n The fundamental question is no longer <em>“which material should be used?”<\/em> but rather <strong>“How will this material behave in the changing temperature and humidity cycles of this region?”<\/strong> This approach elevates the conservation strategy from material selection to the level of building behavior analysis.\n <\/p>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n Turkey is one of the geographies where the effects of climate change on historical buildings can be observed most clearly in terms of both diversity and intensity. Therefore, conservation strategies must rely on a holistic approach that is not solely material-based but simultaneously evaluates regional climate behaviors and building physics.\n <\/p>\n\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-section\">\n <h3 style=\"margin-top:0; color:#ba372a; font-size:20px; margin-bottom: 20px;\">HMSA Glossary of Terms<\/h3>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Micro-climate:<\/strong> The specific local climate zone formed by temperature, humidity, and wind conditions immediately surrounding a building.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Urban Heat Island Effect:<\/strong> The condition where densely built cities experience higher temperatures compared to surrounding rural areas.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Capillarity:<\/strong> The ability of water to move through porous materials against gravity.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Efflorescence:<\/strong> The crystallization of dissolved salts on a surface, forming white stains and crusts.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Thermal Fatigue:<\/strong> The loss of mechanical resistance in a material as a result of repeated thermal expansion and contraction cycles.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-ref-section\">\n <span class=\"hmsa-ref-title\">References<\/span>\n <ul class=\"hmsa-ref-list\">\n <li>ICOMOS Turkey National Committee (various technical reports and proceedings), Cultural Heritage Conservation and Climate Change Studies.<\/li>\n <li>Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change (2023). Turkey Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan.<\/li>\n <li>General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums (KVMGM), Technical Publications and Reports on the Conservation of Historical Buildings.<\/li>\n <li>METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, Current researches themed \u201cClimate Change Impacts on Built Heritage in Turkey\u201d.<\/li>\n <li>Istanbul Technical University (ITU) Faculty of Architecture Publications, Building Physics and Historical Building Materials Research.<\/li>\n <li>Bogazici University Center for Climate Change and Policy Studies (iklimBU), Turkey Regional Climate Change Projections.<\/li>\n <li>DergiPark Academic Publications, Various articles on \u201cMaterial Degradation in Historical Buildings and Environmental Impacts\u201d.<\/li>\n <li>IPCC (2021). Sixth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2021 \u2013 The Physical Science Basis.<\/li>\n <li>UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2017). Climate Change and World Heritage.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Impacts of Climate Change on Historical Buildings: A Turkish Perspective | HMSA Academy HMSA Academy: Cultural Heritage & Climate<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3206","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3206","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3206"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3206\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3206"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}