Climate Change and Historic Buildings: Understanding Risks | HMSA Academy<\/title>\n <meta name=\"description\" content=\"The effects of climate change on historic buildings, building physics, and materials, along with new conservation strategies ranging from repair to adaptation.\">\n <meta name=\"keywords\" content=\"Climate change, historic buildings, building material degradation, moisture cycle, salt transport, building physics, conservation strategies\">\n <meta name=\"author\" content=\"HMSA Academy\">\n\n \n <style>\n .hmsa-article-wrapper {\n font-family: 'Segoe UI', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;\n max-width: 800px;\n margin: 40px auto;\n padding: 0 20px;\n color: #333;\n line-height: 1.6;\n }\n\n \/* Header Area *\/\n .hmsa-header-meta {\n font-size: 13px;\n color: #ba372a; \/* Red Theme *\/\n font-weight: 700;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 1px;\n margin-bottom: 10px;\n }\n\n .hmsa-main-title {\n font-size: 34px;\n font-weight: 800;\n color: #111;\n line-height: 1.3;\n margin: 0 0 20px 0;\n padding-bottom: 20px;\n border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;\n }\n\n .hmsa-author-info {\n font-size: 15px;\n color: #666;\n margin-bottom: 40px;\n font-style: italic;\n }\n .hmsa-author-info strong {\n color: #ba372a;\n font-style: normal;\n }\n\n \/* Abstract \/ Intro Box *\/\n .hmsa-intro-box {\n background-color: #fcfcfc;\n border-left: 5px solid #ba372a;\n padding: 25px 30px;\n margin-bottom: 40px;\n border-radius: 0 4px 4px 0;\n }\n .hmsa-intro-title {\n font-size: 18px;\n font-weight: 800;\n color: #ba372a;\n margin-top: 0;\n margin-bottom: 15px;\n }\n .hmsa-intro-text {\n font-size: 16px;\n font-style: italic;\n color: #555;\n margin: 0 0 15px 0;\n text-align: justify;\n }\n .hmsa-intro-text:last-child {\n margin-bottom: 0;\n }\n\n \/* Content Body *\/\n .hmsa-subhead {\n font-size: 24px;\n font-weight: 700;\n color: #ba372a;\n margin-top: 50px;\n margin-bottom: 20px;\n border-bottom: 1px solid #f0f0f0;\n padding-bottom: 10px;\n }\n\n .hmsa-paragraph {\n font-size: 18px;\n line-height: 1.8;\n color: #222;\n margin-bottom: 25px;\n text-align: justify;\n }\n\n .hmsa-list {\n list-style: disc;\n padding-left: 20px;\n margin: 20px 0 30px 40px;\n }\n .hmsa-list li {\n margin-bottom: 12px;\n font-size: 18px;\n line-height: 1.6;\n color: #333;\n text-align: justify;\n }\n\n \/* Glossary Area *\/\n .hmsa-glossary-section {\n background-color: #f4f4f4;\n padding: 30px;\n border-radius: 8px;\n margin: 40px 0;\n }\n .hmsa-glossary-item {\n margin-bottom: 15px;\n font-size: 16px;\n }\n .hmsa-glossary-item strong {\n color: #ba372a;\n }\n\n \/* References Area *\/\n .hmsa-ref-section {\n margin-top: 80px;\n padding: 40px;\n background-color: #f9f9f9;\n border-radius: 8px;\n border-top: 3px solid #eee;\n }\n .hmsa-ref-title {\n display: block;\n font-size: 20px;\n font-weight: 800;\n color: #333;\n margin-bottom: 20px;\n }\n .hmsa-ref-list {\n list-style: none;\n padding: 0;\n margin: 0;\n }\n .hmsa-ref-list li {\n font-size: 14px;\n color: #666;\n margin-bottom: 8px;\n line-height: 1.5;\n padding-left: 15px;\n text-indent: -15px;\n }\n\n \/* Mobile Responsive *\/\n @media (max-width: 768px) {\n .hmsa-article-wrapper { padding: 0 15px; margin: 20px auto; }\n .hmsa-main-title { font-size: 26px; }\n .hmsa-subhead { font-size: 20px; margin-top: 30px; }\n .hmsa-paragraph { font-size: 16px; }\n .hmsa-intro-box { padding: 20px; }\n .hmsa-list { margin-left: 20px; }\n }\n <\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body data-rsssl=1 data-rsssl=1>\n\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-article-wrapper\">\n \n \n <div class=\"hmsa-header-meta\">HMSA Academy<\/div>\n <h1 class=\"hmsa-main-title\">Climate Change and Historic Buildings: Understanding Risks and New Conservation Paradigms<\/h1>\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-author-info\">\n Published by: <strong>HMSA Academy<\/strong> <span> \/\/ Cultural Heritage & Conservation<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-intro-box\">\n <h3 class=\"hmsa-intro-title\">Abstract<\/h3>\n <p class=\"hmsa-intro-text\">\n Climate change is a dynamic environmental pressure factor that is becoming increasingly decisive in the conservation of historic buildings. Processes such as temperature fluctuations, changes in precipitation regimes, the acceleration of moisture cycles, and salt transport directly affect the behavior of building materials.\n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-intro-text\">\n The fact that historic buildings consist of porous and capillary-active materials makes them more sensitive to environmental variables. In particular, the acceleration of wetting-drying cycles, thermal stresses, and the increase in biological colonization are the main factors accelerating material degradation processes.\n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-intro-text\">\n This article reveals that climate change is not merely a superficial impact but a holistic process that directly shapes building physics and material behavior; it emphasizes that the conservation approach must evolve from a repair-oriented mindset to one based on adaptation and resilience.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">1. Introduction: An Unforeseen New Layer of Environmental Pressure<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n Historic buildings have survived to the present day by adapting to specific climatic periods over centuries. However, the most critical variable that has emerged in the last century is the rapid climatic deviation, which was not foreseen in the traditional design logic and material selection of these structures.\n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n While traditional risk factors (seismic effects, material fatigue, etc.) are more predictable, climate change can be defined as a dynamic disruptive effect that is constantly accelerating and directly affecting the behavior of building materials.\n <\/p>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">2. Disruption of Climatic Cycles and Its Effect on Building Physics<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n Climate change should be evaluated not only as a temperature increase on the structure but also as the shortening of environmental stress cycles.\n <\/p>\n <ul class=\"hmsa-list\">\n <li><strong>Shock effect of precipitation regime:<\/strong> Sudden and heavy rains increase the rate at which the building surface becomes saturated with water and strain its drainage capacity.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Acceleration of wetting-drying cycles:<\/strong> More frequent wetting and drying processes cause mechanical stresses within the pore structure.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Relative humidity and salt migration:<\/strong> Moisture changes accelerate the transport of dissolved salts to the surface, leading to micro-cracks through crystallization pressure.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">3. The Vulnerability Zone of Historic Materials<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n Historic buildings consist of capillary-active materials such as natural stone, brick, and lime-based mortars.\n <\/p>\n <ul class=\"hmsa-list\">\n <li><strong>Volumetric changes:<\/strong> Moisture absorption and desorption processes create expansion and contraction cycles, weakening the binder structure.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Thermal shocks:<\/strong> Day-night temperature differences cause stresses between materials with different expansion coefficients.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">4. The Progression of Degradation Mechanisms from Surface to Depth<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n The effects of climatic stress usually begin on the surface and deepen over time.\n <\/p>\n <ul class=\"hmsa-list\">\n <li><strong>Surface friability:<\/strong> The crumbling of the surface as a result of the weakening of the binder phase.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Biological colonization:<\/strong> Increased moisture and temperature accelerate the formation of algae and fungi.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Black crust formations:<\/strong> Environmental effects combined with air pollutants create hard and impermeable layers on the stone surface.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">5. General Assessment: Transitioning from Diagnosis to Strategy<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n In the face of climate change, the approach to conserving historic buildings must no longer be solely repair-oriented; it must be addressed around adaptation and resilience enhancement.\n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n The fundamental question is no longer <em>\u201cwhich material should be used?\u201d<\/em> but rather, <em>\u201chow does this structure behave within changing environmental cycles?\u201d<\/em> A holistic conservation approach is possible through accurate diagnosis, precise surface preparation, and the integration of material-compatible systems.\n <\/p>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n Climate change is not an isolated risk for historic buildings; it is the cumulative effect of mutually triggering environmental processes. Conservation strategies must now move beyond material selection and require a systematic approach centered on structural behavior.\n <\/p>\n\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-section\">\n <h3 style=\"margin-top:0; color:#ba372a; font-size:20px;\">HMSA Glossary of Terms<\/h3>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Capillarity (Capillary Water Movement):<\/strong> The ability of water to move through capillary voids in porous materials.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Water Vapor Diffusion (Breathability):<\/strong> The material’s ability to maintain moisture balance by allowing water vapor to pass through.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Wetting-Drying Cycle:<\/strong> The physical stress process caused by the continuous absorption and desorption of water by the material.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Crystallization Pressure:<\/strong> The internal stress created by salts crystallizing within the pores.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Friability (Surface Crumbling):<\/strong> The surface becoming crumbly as a result of binder weakening.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Biological Colonization:<\/strong> The development of microorganisms on the surface, affecting the material.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Thermal Shock:<\/strong> The creation of tension within the material due to sudden temperature changes.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Capillary-Active Material:<\/strong> Porous building materials capable of absorbing and transporting water.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Black Crust:<\/strong> A hard, impermeable surface layer formed by air pollutants.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-ref-section\">\n <span class=\"hmsa-ref-title\">References<\/span>\n <ul class=\"hmsa-ref-list\">\n <li>1. Feilden, B. M. (2003). Conservation of Historic Buildings. Routledge.<\/li>\n <li>2. ICOMOS (2019). The Future of Our Pasts: Engaging Cultural Heritage in Climate Action.<\/li>\n <li>3. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2017). Climate Change and World Heritage.<\/li>\n <li>4. IPCC (2021). Sixth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2021 \u2013 The Physical Science Basis.<\/li>\n <li>5. Brimblecombe, P. (2014). Air Pollution and Climate Effects on Cultural Heritage. Springer.<\/li>\n <li>6. Ashurst, J. & Ashurst, N. (1988). Practical Building Conservation. English Heritage.<\/li>\n <li>7. Doehne, E. & Price, C. A. (2010). Stone Conservation: An Overview of Current Research. Getty Conservation Institute.<\/li>\n <li>8. ICOMOS Turkey National Committee (various reports and technical papers).<\/li>\n <li>9. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, Directorate of Climate Change (2023). Turkey Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plans.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Climate Change and Historic Buildings: Understanding Risks | HMSA Academy HMSA Academy Climate Change and Historic Buildings: Understanding Risks and<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3205","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3205","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3205"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3205\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3205"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

{"id":3205,"date":"2026-04-22T11:13:35","date_gmt":"2026-04-22T08:13:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/?page_id=3205"},"modified":"2026-04-22T11:13:37","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T08:13:37","slug":"climate-change-and-historic-buildings-understanding-risks-and-new-conservation-paradigms","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/climate-change-and-historic-buildings-understanding-risks-and-new-conservation-paradigms\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate Change and Historic Buildings: Understanding Risks and New Conservation Paradigms"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n Climate Change and Historic Buildings: Understanding Risks | HMSA Academy<\/title>\n <meta name=\"description\" content=\"The effects of climate change on historic buildings, building physics, and materials, along with new conservation strategies ranging from repair to adaptation.\">\n <meta name=\"keywords\" content=\"Climate change, historic buildings, building material degradation, moisture cycle, salt transport, building physics, conservation strategies\">\n <meta name=\"author\" content=\"HMSA Academy\">\n\n \n <style>\n .hmsa-article-wrapper {\n font-family: 'Segoe UI', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;\n max-width: 800px;\n margin: 40px auto;\n padding: 0 20px;\n color: #333;\n line-height: 1.6;\n }\n\n \/* Header Area *\/\n .hmsa-header-meta {\n font-size: 13px;\n color: #ba372a; \/* Red Theme *\/\n font-weight: 700;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 1px;\n margin-bottom: 10px;\n }\n\n .hmsa-main-title {\n font-size: 34px;\n font-weight: 800;\n color: #111;\n line-height: 1.3;\n margin: 0 0 20px 0;\n padding-bottom: 20px;\n border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;\n }\n\n .hmsa-author-info {\n font-size: 15px;\n color: #666;\n margin-bottom: 40px;\n font-style: italic;\n }\n .hmsa-author-info strong {\n color: #ba372a;\n font-style: normal;\n }\n\n \/* Abstract \/ Intro Box *\/\n .hmsa-intro-box {\n background-color: #fcfcfc;\n border-left: 5px solid #ba372a;\n padding: 25px 30px;\n margin-bottom: 40px;\n border-radius: 0 4px 4px 0;\n }\n .hmsa-intro-title {\n font-size: 18px;\n font-weight: 800;\n color: #ba372a;\n margin-top: 0;\n margin-bottom: 15px;\n }\n .hmsa-intro-text {\n font-size: 16px;\n font-style: italic;\n color: #555;\n margin: 0 0 15px 0;\n text-align: justify;\n }\n .hmsa-intro-text:last-child {\n margin-bottom: 0;\n }\n\n \/* Content Body *\/\n .hmsa-subhead {\n font-size: 24px;\n font-weight: 700;\n color: #ba372a;\n margin-top: 50px;\n margin-bottom: 20px;\n border-bottom: 1px solid #f0f0f0;\n padding-bottom: 10px;\n }\n\n .hmsa-paragraph {\n font-size: 18px;\n line-height: 1.8;\n color: #222;\n margin-bottom: 25px;\n text-align: justify;\n }\n\n .hmsa-list {\n list-style: disc;\n padding-left: 20px;\n margin: 20px 0 30px 40px;\n }\n .hmsa-list li {\n margin-bottom: 12px;\n font-size: 18px;\n line-height: 1.6;\n color: #333;\n text-align: justify;\n }\n\n \/* Glossary Area *\/\n .hmsa-glossary-section {\n background-color: #f4f4f4;\n padding: 30px;\n border-radius: 8px;\n margin: 40px 0;\n }\n .hmsa-glossary-item {\n margin-bottom: 15px;\n font-size: 16px;\n }\n .hmsa-glossary-item strong {\n color: #ba372a;\n }\n\n \/* References Area *\/\n .hmsa-ref-section {\n margin-top: 80px;\n padding: 40px;\n background-color: #f9f9f9;\n border-radius: 8px;\n border-top: 3px solid #eee;\n }\n .hmsa-ref-title {\n display: block;\n font-size: 20px;\n font-weight: 800;\n color: #333;\n margin-bottom: 20px;\n }\n .hmsa-ref-list {\n list-style: none;\n padding: 0;\n margin: 0;\n }\n .hmsa-ref-list li {\n font-size: 14px;\n color: #666;\n margin-bottom: 8px;\n line-height: 1.5;\n padding-left: 15px;\n text-indent: -15px;\n }\n\n \/* Mobile Responsive *\/\n @media (max-width: 768px) {\n .hmsa-article-wrapper { padding: 0 15px; margin: 20px auto; }\n .hmsa-main-title { font-size: 26px; }\n .hmsa-subhead { font-size: 20px; margin-top: 30px; }\n .hmsa-paragraph { font-size: 16px; }\n .hmsa-intro-box { padding: 20px; }\n .hmsa-list { margin-left: 20px; }\n }\n <\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body data-rsssl=1 data-rsssl=1>\n\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-article-wrapper\">\n \n \n <div class=\"hmsa-header-meta\">HMSA Academy<\/div>\n <h1 class=\"hmsa-main-title\">Climate Change and Historic Buildings: Understanding Risks and New Conservation Paradigms<\/h1>\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-author-info\">\n Published by: <strong>HMSA Academy<\/strong> <span> \/\/ Cultural Heritage & Conservation<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-intro-box\">\n <h3 class=\"hmsa-intro-title\">Abstract<\/h3>\n <p class=\"hmsa-intro-text\">\n Climate change is a dynamic environmental pressure factor that is becoming increasingly decisive in the conservation of historic buildings. Processes such as temperature fluctuations, changes in precipitation regimes, the acceleration of moisture cycles, and salt transport directly affect the behavior of building materials.\n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-intro-text\">\n The fact that historic buildings consist of porous and capillary-active materials makes them more sensitive to environmental variables. In particular, the acceleration of wetting-drying cycles, thermal stresses, and the increase in biological colonization are the main factors accelerating material degradation processes.\n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-intro-text\">\n This article reveals that climate change is not merely a superficial impact but a holistic process that directly shapes building physics and material behavior; it emphasizes that the conservation approach must evolve from a repair-oriented mindset to one based on adaptation and resilience.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">1. Introduction: An Unforeseen New Layer of Environmental Pressure<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n Historic buildings have survived to the present day by adapting to specific climatic periods over centuries. However, the most critical variable that has emerged in the last century is the rapid climatic deviation, which was not foreseen in the traditional design logic and material selection of these structures.\n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n While traditional risk factors (seismic effects, material fatigue, etc.) are more predictable, climate change can be defined as a dynamic disruptive effect that is constantly accelerating and directly affecting the behavior of building materials.\n <\/p>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">2. Disruption of Climatic Cycles and Its Effect on Building Physics<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n Climate change should be evaluated not only as a temperature increase on the structure but also as the shortening of environmental stress cycles.\n <\/p>\n <ul class=\"hmsa-list\">\n <li><strong>Shock effect of precipitation regime:<\/strong> Sudden and heavy rains increase the rate at which the building surface becomes saturated with water and strain its drainage capacity.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Acceleration of wetting-drying cycles:<\/strong> More frequent wetting and drying processes cause mechanical stresses within the pore structure.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Relative humidity and salt migration:<\/strong> Moisture changes accelerate the transport of dissolved salts to the surface, leading to micro-cracks through crystallization pressure.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">3. The Vulnerability Zone of Historic Materials<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n Historic buildings consist of capillary-active materials such as natural stone, brick, and lime-based mortars.\n <\/p>\n <ul class=\"hmsa-list\">\n <li><strong>Volumetric changes:<\/strong> Moisture absorption and desorption processes create expansion and contraction cycles, weakening the binder structure.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Thermal shocks:<\/strong> Day-night temperature differences cause stresses between materials with different expansion coefficients.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">4. The Progression of Degradation Mechanisms from Surface to Depth<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n The effects of climatic stress usually begin on the surface and deepen over time.\n <\/p>\n <ul class=\"hmsa-list\">\n <li><strong>Surface friability:<\/strong> The crumbling of the surface as a result of the weakening of the binder phase.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Biological colonization:<\/strong> Increased moisture and temperature accelerate the formation of algae and fungi.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Black crust formations:<\/strong> Environmental effects combined with air pollutants create hard and impermeable layers on the stone surface.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">5. General Assessment: Transitioning from Diagnosis to Strategy<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n In the face of climate change, the approach to conserving historic buildings must no longer be solely repair-oriented; it must be addressed around adaptation and resilience enhancement.\n <\/p>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n The fundamental question is no longer <em>\u201cwhich material should be used?\u201d<\/em> but rather, <em>\u201chow does this structure behave within changing environmental cycles?\u201d<\/em> A holistic conservation approach is possible through accurate diagnosis, precise surface preparation, and the integration of material-compatible systems.\n <\/p>\n\n \n <h2 class=\"hmsa-subhead\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n <p class=\"hmsa-paragraph\">\n Climate change is not an isolated risk for historic buildings; it is the cumulative effect of mutually triggering environmental processes. Conservation strategies must now move beyond material selection and require a systematic approach centered on structural behavior.\n <\/p>\n\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-section\">\n <h3 style=\"margin-top:0; color:#ba372a; font-size:20px;\">HMSA Glossary of Terms<\/h3>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Capillarity (Capillary Water Movement):<\/strong> The ability of water to move through capillary voids in porous materials.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Water Vapor Diffusion (Breathability):<\/strong> The material’s ability to maintain moisture balance by allowing water vapor to pass through.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Wetting-Drying Cycle:<\/strong> The physical stress process caused by the continuous absorption and desorption of water by the material.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Crystallization Pressure:<\/strong> The internal stress created by salts crystallizing within the pores.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Friability (Surface Crumbling):<\/strong> The surface becoming crumbly as a result of binder weakening.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Biological Colonization:<\/strong> The development of microorganisms on the surface, affecting the material.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Thermal Shock:<\/strong> The creation of tension within the material due to sudden temperature changes.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Capillary-Active Material:<\/strong> Porous building materials capable of absorbing and transporting water.<\/div>\n <div class=\"hmsa-glossary-item\"><strong>Black Crust:<\/strong> A hard, impermeable surface layer formed by air pollutants.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"hmsa-ref-section\">\n <span class=\"hmsa-ref-title\">References<\/span>\n <ul class=\"hmsa-ref-list\">\n <li>1. Feilden, B. M. (2003). Conservation of Historic Buildings. Routledge.<\/li>\n <li>2. ICOMOS (2019). The Future of Our Pasts: Engaging Cultural Heritage in Climate Action.<\/li>\n <li>3. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2017). Climate Change and World Heritage.<\/li>\n <li>4. IPCC (2021). Sixth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2021 \u2013 The Physical Science Basis.<\/li>\n <li>5. Brimblecombe, P. (2014). Air Pollution and Climate Effects on Cultural Heritage. Springer.<\/li>\n <li>6. Ashurst, J. & Ashurst, N. (1988). Practical Building Conservation. English Heritage.<\/li>\n <li>7. Doehne, E. & Price, C. A. (2010). Stone Conservation: An Overview of Current Research. Getty Conservation Institute.<\/li>\n <li>8. ICOMOS Turkey National Committee (various reports and technical papers).<\/li>\n <li>9. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, Directorate of Climate Change (2023). Turkey Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plans.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Climate Change and Historic Buildings: Understanding Risks | HMSA Academy HMSA Academy Climate Change and Historic Buildings: Understanding Risks and<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3205","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3205","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3205"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3205\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.letoon.com.tr\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3205"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}